An Is a Scholar Who Studies the Art of Persuasion and Public Speking

History of Public Speaking

Our current knowledge and practice of public speaking draws upon the Western thought from Greece and Rome.

Learning Objectives

Identify key figures of public speaking through the ages

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The formal report of public speaking began approximately 2,500 years ago in Hellenic republic and Rome to train citizens to participate in society.
• Aristotle (384-322 BCE), the most famous Greek Scholar, defined rhetoric as the "faculty of discovering the possible ways of persuasion in reference to whatever subject whatever." He divided the "means of persuasion" into three parts–logical reason (logos), human character ( ethos ), and emotional.
• Cicero (106-43 BCE), one of the most significant rhetoricians of all time, developed the 5 canons of rhetoric, a five-pace process for developing a persuasive spoken communication that we all the same apply to teach public speaking today.
• Quintilian (c. 35-95 CE) argued that public speaking was inherently moral. He stated that the platonic orator is "a good human being speaking well".
• American Revolution–The rhetorical studies of ancient Hellenic republic and Rome were resurrected as speakers and teachers looked to Cicero and others to inspire defence of the new commonwealth. John Quincy Adams of Harvard advocated for the democratic advancement of the fine art of rhetoric.
• Throughout the 20th century, rhetoric developed every bit a full-bodied discipline with the establishment of public speaking courses in high schools and universities. The courses in speaking utilize key Greek theories (such equally the modes of persuasion: ethos, pathos, and logos).

Primal Terms

• sophist: One of a class of teachers of rhetoric, philosophy, and politics in ancient Greece, especially one who used fallacious merely plausible reasoning.
• orator: A skilled and eloquent public speaker.
• rhetoric: The art of using linguistic communication, especially public speaking, equally a ways to persuade.

History of Public Speaking

Our current knowledge and practice of public speaking draws upon ancient Greek, Roman, and Western idea.

The Classical Flow (500 BCE – 400 BCE)

The ancient Greeks highly valued public political participation, where public speaking was a crucial tool. Nosotros will begin an overview of four Ancient Greek philosophers, likewise known equally the "fantastic 4"Aspasia of Miletus, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

Aspasia of Miletus (469 BCE), the "mother of rhetoric," is believed to have taught rhetoric to Socrates. During this period Pericles, the Athenian ruler and Aspasia's partner, treated Aspasia every bit an equal and allowed her the opportunity to engage in dialogue with the important and educated men of society.

Socrates (469-399 BCE) profoundly influenced the direction of the Classical Catamenia. Most of what we know about Socrates comes from the writings of his student Plato.

Plato (429-347 BCE) wrote virtually rhetoric in the form of dialogues with Socrates as the main character. Plato divers the telescopic of rhetoric co-ordinate to his negative opinions of the art. He criticized the Sophists for using rhetoric as a means of deceit instead of discovering truth.

Aristotle (384-322 BCE) is the most famous Greek Scholar. Aristotle studied in Plato's Academy where he later taught public speaking until Plato's decease in 347 BCE. During this time, he opened his own school of politics, science, philosophy, and rhetoric.

Aristotle: This statue resides at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.

Aristotle defined rhetoric as the "faculty of discovering the possible means of persuasion in reference to whatsoever subject whatsoever." Aristotle divided the "means of persuasion" into three parts, or three creative proofs, necessary to persuade others: logical reason (logos), human character (ethos), and emotional appeal (pathos).

Sophist (400s BCE): The Classical Period flourished for nearly a millennium in and around Greece as commonwealth gained prominence. Citizens learned public speaking from early on teachers known as Sophists. Sophists were self-appointed professors of how to succeed in the civic life of the Greek states.

The Romans: Cicero and Quintilian

Cicero (106-43 BCE) is considered one of the most significant rhetoricians of all time. His works include the early and very influential De Inventione (On Invention ), often read alongside the Ad Herennium as the two basic texts of rhetorical theory (throughout the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance); De Oratore (a fuller statement of rhetorical principles in dialogue form); and Topics (a rhetorical handling of mutual topics, highly influential through the Renaissance). Cicero is most famous in the field of public speaking for creating the 5 canons of rhetoric, a five-step process for developing a persuasive spoken communication that we still use to teach public speaking today.

Quintilian (c. 35-95 CE) extended this line of thinking and argued that public speaking was inherently moral. He stated that the ideal orator is "a skillful homo speaking well. "

The Medieval Menstruum (400 CE – 1400 CE)

In contrast to the Classical Flow, which saw tremendous growth and innovation in the study of communication, the Medieval Period might be considered the night ages of academic study in public speaking. The church felt threatened by secular rhetorical works they considered total of pagan idea. The Church did, however, focus on persuasion and developing public presentation to improve preaching.

St. Augustine (354 CE-430 CE), a Christian clergyman and renowned rhetorician, argued for the connected evolution of ideas that had originated during the Classical Menstruum. He thought that the written report of persuasion, in item, was a worthwhile pursuit for the church.

The Renaissance (1400-1600 CE)

Powered by a new intellectual movement during this period, secular institutions and governments started to compete with the church for personal allegiances. Ideas surrounding issues of manner in speaking situations received pregnant attention during the Renaissance period.

Petrus Ramus (1515-1572) paid groovy attention to the idea of style by actually grouping manner and delivery of the five canons together. Ramus also argued that invention and arrangement did not fit the canon and should exist the focus of logic, non rhetoric. Ramus challenged much of what early on scholars thought of truth, ideals, and morals equally they applied to communication.

Francis Bacon (1561-1626), a gimmicky of Shakespeare, believed that the journey to truth was paramount to the study and performance of communication. According to Bacon, reason and morality required speakers to have a loftier degree of accountability, making it an essential chemical element in oration.

The Enlightenment (1600 – 1800 CE)

Neoclassicism revived the classical approach to rhetoric by adapting and applying it to contemporary situations.

George Campbell (1719-1796), a Scottish minister and educator, tried to create convincing arguments using scientific and moral reasoning past seeking to understand how people used speech to persuade others.

Finally, the elocutionary approach (mid 1700's to mid-1800's) concentrated on delivery and way by providing strict rules for a speaker'due south actual actions such as gestures, facial expressions, tone, and pronunciation.

Overall, the Enlightenment Period served every bit a bridge between the past and the present. Political rhetoric also underwent renewal in the wake of the U.South. and French revolutions. The rhetorical studies of ancient Greece and Rome were resurrected in the studies of the era as speakers and teachers looked to Cicero and others to inspire defense of the new republic. Leading rhetorical theorists included John Quincy Adams, who advocated for the democratic advancement of the art of rhetoric.

New School — 1900s and 2000s Through Today

Throughout the twenty^th century, rhetoric developed equally a full-bodied bailiwick with the establishment of rhetorical courses in high schools and universities. Courses such as public speaking and oral communication analysis apply primal Greek theories, also as trace rhetorical development throughout the class of history.

The 1960'southward and 70'south saw renewed accent and focus on the works of those from the Classical Period. Thus, the 60's and seventy'due south worked to bridge together the old and new school of advice study for the first time. Communication departments had professors who studied and taught classical rhetoric, contemporary rhetoric, along with empirical and qualitative social science.

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-communications/chapter/history-of-public-speaking/

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